How do hackers exploit system vulnerabilities?

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Social engineering in security refers to the manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information, often by exploiting human emotions such as trust, fear, or urgency. Instead of attacking a computer system directly, social engineering targets the human element of security, making it one of the most effective and dangerous forms of cyberattack. 

Hackers exploit system vulnerabilities by identifying weaknesses in software, hardware, or network configurations and using them to gain unauthorized access, steal data, or disrupt services. Here’s how they typically do it:

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1. Vulnerability Scanning

Hackers use automated tools to scan systems for known vulnerabilities (like outdated software, open ports, or weak configurations). Tools like Nmap, Nessus, or OpenVAS help detect these flaws.

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2. Exploiting Unpatched Software

If software or systems haven’t been updated with the latest security patches, hackers can use known exploits to take control. For example:

• EternalBlue was a Windows exploit used in the WannaCry ransomware attack.

• Outdated web servers might have remote code execution vulnerabilities.

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3. Social Engineering & Phishing

Even if systems are secure, hackers might trick users into giving up access. Common methods:

• Phishing emails with malicious links or attachments.

• Fake login pages to capture usernames and passwords.

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4. Malware Deployment

Once a vulnerability is found, hackers might install malware to:

• Exfiltrate data (spyware, keyloggers).

• Gain persistent access (backdoors, rootkits).

• Disrupt systems (ransomware, trojans).

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5. Privilege Escalation

After initial access, hackers try to elevate privileges from a normal user to an administrator/root to access more of the system.

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6. Misconfigured Security Settings

Improper settings like:

• Default credentials (admin/admin),

• Unsecured APIs,

• Publicly exposed cloud storage (like AWS S3 buckets),
  can provide easy entry points.

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7. SQL Injection & Web Exploits

Web applications with poor input validation can be manipulated. For instance:

• SQL Injection allows attackers to query the database directly.

• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) can hijack user sessions.

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Prevention Tips:

• Regular patching and updates

• Use firewalls and antivirus software

• Conduct security audits and penetration testing

• Employee cybersecurity training

• Strong access control and encryption

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