What is multi-factor authentication (MFA), and why is it important?
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Cybersecurity is crucial because it protects sensitive data, systems, and networks from cyber threats like hacking, malware, ransomware, and data breaches.
Social engineering in security refers to the manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information, often by exploiting human emotions such as trust, fear, or urgency. Instead of attacking a computer system directly, social engineering targets the human element of security, making it one of the most effective and dangerous forms of cyberattack.\Phishing is a type of cyberattack where attackers try to trick you into giving up sensitive information—like usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, or personal data—by pretending to be a trustworthy entity. It often happens via email, but can also occur through text messages (smashing), phone calls (vishing), or fake websites.
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a security process that requires users to provide two or more distinct forms of verification to access an online account or resource.
Types of Authentication Factors
MFA relies on at least two of the following independent categories of authentication factors:
Something you know 🧠: This is information only the user should know, like a password, PIN, or the answer to a security question.
Something you have 📱: This is a physical item the user possesses, such as a smartphone receiving a text message code (OTP), a dedicated hardware token, a smart card, or a security key.
Something you are 🧍: This is an inherent, unique characteristic of the user, also known as a biometric factor, such as a fingerprint, face scan, or voice recognition.
For example, when you use a debit card and a PIN at an ATM, you're using MFA: the card is "something you have" and the PIN is "something you know."
Why MFA Is Important
MFA is crucial because it creates a layered defense that makes it significantly harder for unauthorized users to gain access to an account, even if they have one of the credentials
Protects against credential theft:
The single biggest reason for its importance is that it mitigates the risk of stolen passwords. Cybercriminals can obtain passwords through phishing, brute-force attacks, or data breaches. With MFA, a stolen password alone isn't enough; the attacker would also need to obtain the second factor, like the user's phone or fingerprint. Reduces the impact of weak passwords:
Since many people use simple or reused passwords, MFA adds a necessary layer of protection to accounts that are otherwise easily compromised. Meets compliance standards: Many industries and government regulations, such as HIPAA and PCI-DSS, now require MFA to protect sensitive data, making it a legal and financial necessity for businesses.
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